ZOOLOGY BOTANY CHEMISTRY

 💠Properties of Solids and Liquids - Revision Notes on Liquids at Rest:💠 ⛔️Force of cohesion:- It is force between two molecules of similar nature. ⛔️Force of adhesion:- It is the force between two molecules of different nature. ⛔️Molecular range:- The maximum distance between two molecules so that the force of attraction between them remains effective is called molecular range. ⛔️Sphere of influence:- Sphere of influence of any molecule is the sphere with molecule as its center and having a radius equal to molecular range (=10-7 cm). ⛔️Surface film:- Surface film of a liquid is defined as the portion of liquid lying on the surface and caught between two parallel planes situated molecular range apart. ⛔️Surface Tension Surface tension is the property of a liquid by virtue of which its free surface behaves like a stretched membrane and supports, comparatively heavier objects placed over it. It is measured in terms of force of surface tension. ⛔️Force of surface tension:- It is defined

𝐌𝐧𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐬 and 𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐬 for 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐠𝐢 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬. 🌴𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐲𝐜𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐬-  🙂𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤:- Agar Usne Puccha To 𝐁𝐚𝐬. 𝐀𝐠𝐚𝐫- Agaricus (mushroom) 𝐔𝐬𝐧𝐞- Ustilago (rust fungus) 𝐏𝐮𝐜𝐡𝐡𝐚- Puccnia (smut fungus) 🌴Ascomyce𝐭𝐞𝐬-  🖋𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤:- Yash and Astha ne Naya Pencil 𝐊𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐚 𝐲𝐚𝐬𝐡- Yeast 𝐀𝐬𝐭𝐡𝐚- 𝐀𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐮𝐬 𝐍𝐚𝐲𝐚- 𝐍𝐞𝐮𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐚 𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐥- Penecillium Many 𝐦𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 like 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐬 and 𝐛𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐥𝐞𝐬 are e𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 and are considered 𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐬. 🌴𝐏𝐡𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐲𝐜𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐬-  🙂𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐬:-RaMu Alu Pheco Ra- Rhyzopus (bread mould) 𝐌𝐮- Mucor 𝐀𝐥𝐮- Albugo (parasitic fungi on mustard) 𝐏𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐨- Pythium 🌴𝐃𝐞𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐦𝐲𝐜𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐬 _  🙂𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐬:- 𝐀𝐂𝐓 𝐀- alterneria 𝐂- Collectotrichum 𝐓 - 𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚 🌚❤️

 🔥🔥Notes on Chemical Bonding🔥🔥 ©™✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ 🔻Chemical bond:-  Chemical bond is the attractive force which holds various constituents together in a molecule. There are three types of chemical bonds: Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond, Co-ordinate Bond. 🔻Octet Rule:  Atoms form chemical bonds in order to complete their octet i.e. eight electrons in their valence shell. 🔥Lewis Structures: Pair of bonded electrons is by means of a ‘dash’ (-) usually called a ‘bond’. Lone pairs or ‘non-bonded’ electrons are represented by ‘dots’. Electrons present in the last shell of atoms are called valence electrons. ✌️Exceptions to the Octet Rule: 🔻Species with odd number of electrons: NO, NO2, 🔻Incomplete octet for the central atom:  LiCl, BeH2 and BCl3 🔻Expanded octet for the central atom: PF5, SF6 and H2SO4 🔻Formal Charge: Formal charge is the difference between the number of valence electrons in an isolated atom and number of electrons assigned to that atoms in Lewis structure. Formal charge =

💫Very important points - Human Reproduction 💫 🌟Uterus also called womb. 🌟 Longest unstripped muscles of the body are found in the walls of uterus. (During pregnancy) 🌟 Clitoris is a homologous to the penis in the male. 🌟 Bartholin Glands : It is homologous to Cowper's gland of male 🌟 A functional mammary gland is characteristic of all female mammals. 🌟 The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called colostrum which contains antibodies (IgA) absolutely essential to develop resistance for the new-born babies. ⚡️ Liberation of sperms from Sertoli cells of seminiferous tubules is called spermiation. ⚡️ Liberation of sperms from testes is called semination. ⚡️ Liberation of sperms from body of male is called ejaculation . ⚡️ Mammalian sperms are transfered to vagina of female by the process called insemination. ⚡️ In 1 ml of semen, 20 to 120 millions of sperms are present in human being. ⚡️ Leydig'

💐ECOLOGY DATES💐 🔥IUCN in 2004 estimated the total number of plant and animal species. 🔥Earth summit 1992 🔥World Summit 2002 🔥Environment protection act 1986 🔥Air act 1981. Amended in 1987 to include noise as air pollution. 🔥BS 3 since 2010 october 🔥Bs 4. Since 2010 april 🔥Water act 1974. 🔥Ozone hole over Antarctica develops in late August and early October. 🔥Montreal protocol signed in 1987 but effective in 1989. 🔥National forest policy 1988. 🔥Amrita Devi incident in 1731. 🔥Chipko movement in 1974. 🔥Joint Forest Management 1980.

Ans:- (4) Residual Volume

Ans:- (3) HIV

Ans:- (3) Trichoderma

Ans:- (3) Floating Ribs - 2 pair

Ans:- (B) Standing Crop.

Ans:- (4) Co2 Produced to O2 Consumed.

Ans:- (4) Amphibolic

Ans :- (3) Stratification

Ans :- (1) Bread and beer

Ans:- (3)  Foveca Centralis

Ans:- (3) Gel Electrophoresis

Ans:- (1) Fresh Weight

Ans:- (4) Methane

Ans:- (B) Down's Syndrome - 21st Chromosome

Ans:- (C) South Africa

Ans:- (B) 1981

Ans:- (B) Increase

Ans:- (C) Change in Single base Pair

Ans:- (B) Glenoid Cavity

Ans:- (C) Ethyl Alcohol + CO2

Ans:- (C) Defence Mechanisms of Body

A) Mesosome

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━        ✅ QUICK REVISION ✅            ✅ FORMULAS ✅   🎯1. Formulas related to force: 🔰F = ma 🔰F = kx 🔰F = m(vf² - vi²/2S) 🔰F = mv/t 🔰F = md/t² 🔰F = m(vf - vi)/t 🔰F = Area × density × velocity² 🔰F = 1/2 mv²/d 🔰F = 1/2 Pv/d 🔰F = Power/velocity 🔰Fc = mv²/r 🔰Fc = mrw² 🔰Fc/2 = mv²/2r 🔰Fc = 2K.E/r 🔰F = Area × Stress 🔰F = pir² × stress 🔰F = YA × Strain 🔰F = YAl/L 🔰F = pressure × area 🔰F = change in momentum × time interval 🔰F = - 2mVx × Vx/2l 🔰F2 = F1/A1 × A2 🔰F = qE 🔰F = kQ/r² 🔰F = ILB sintheta 🔰F = q (v × B)  🔰F = qE + q(v × B) 🎯2. Formulas related to energy and work 👉Fd = k.e 👉mgh = 1/2 mv² 👉E = 1/2 kx² 👉E = Ve 👉E = nhf 👉E = nhc/lambda 👉E = Pc 👉K.e = hf - work function = hf - hf° = hf - hc/w° (here w° is cutt off wavelength)  👉E = 1/2 Pv 👉mv²/2r= Fc/2 👉K.E/r = Fc/2 👉K.E = Fc×/r/2 👉K.e = 1.5 KT 👉E = VQ 👉E = Power × time 👉E = Fvt 👉% loss in K.e = v1² - v2²/v1² × 100 👉% loss in P.e = h1² - h²/h1² × 100 👉Energy lost due to air

 💝💝SUMMARY OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY💝💝 ©™✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ 💖Number of Muscles 639 💖Number of Kidneys 2 💖 Number of Milk Teeth 20 💖 Number of Ribs 24 (12 pair) 💖 Number of Heart Chamber 4 💖Largest artery Aorta  💖Normal blood pressure  120/80mmHg 💖Ph of Blood 7.4 💖 Number of vertebrae in the Spine 33 💖 Number of vertebrae in the Neck 7 💖Number of Bones in Middle Ear 6 💖 Number of Bones in Face 14 💖Number of Bones in Skull 22 💖Number of Bones in Chest 25 💖 Number of Bones in Arms 6 💖Number of Muscles in Human Arm 72 💖Number of Pumps in Heart 2 💖 Largest Organ Skin 💖Largest gland Liver 💖 Biggest cell female Ovum 💖 Smallest cell male Sperm 💖 Smallest Bone Stape 💖 First transplanted Organ Heart  💖 Average length of Small Intestine 7m 💖 Average length of Large Intestine 1.5m 💖Average weight of new Born baby 2.6kg 💖 Pulse rate in One Minute 72 times 💖 Normal body temperature 37 C° (98.4 F°) 💖 Average Blood Volume 4 to 5 liters 💖 Life Span of RBC 120 days 💖 Life Span

Mathematics formulas 1. (α+в)²= α²+2αв+в² 2. (α+в)²= (α-в)²+4αв 3. (α-в)²= α²-2αв+в² 4. (α-в)²= (α+в)²-4αв 5. α² + в²= (α+в)² - 2αв. 6. α² + в²= (α-в)² + 2αв. 7. α²-в² =(α + в)(α - в) 8. 2(α² + в²) = (α+ в)² + (α - в)² 9. 4αв = (α + в)² -(α-в)² 10. αв =1. (α + в + ¢)² = α² + в² + ¢² + 2(αв + в¢ + ¢α) 12. (α + в)³ = α³ + 3α²в + 3αв² + в³ 13. (α + в)³ = α³ + в³ + 3αв(α + в) 14. (α-в)³=α³-3α²в+3αв²-в³ 15. α³ + в³ = (α + в) (α² -αв + в²) 16. α³ + в³ = (α+ в)³ -3αв(α+ в) 17. α³ -в³ = (α -в) (α² + αв + в²) 18. α³ -в³ = (α-в)³ + 3αв(α-в) ѕιη0° =0 ѕιη30° = 1/2 ѕιη45° = 1/√2 ѕιη60° = √3/2 ѕιη90° = 1 ¢σѕ ιѕ σρρσѕιтє σƒ ѕιη тαη0° = 0 тαη30° = 1/√3 тαη45° = 1 тαη60° = √3 тαη90° = ∞ ¢σт ιѕ σρρσѕιтє σƒ тαη ѕє¢0° = 1 ѕє¢30° = 2/√3 ѕє¢45° = √2 ѕє¢60° = 2 ѕє¢90° = ∞ ¢σѕє¢ ιѕ σρρσѕιтє σƒ ѕє¢ 2ѕιηα¢σѕв=ѕιη(α+в)+ѕιη(α-в) 2¢σѕαѕιηв=ѕιη(α+в)-ѕιη(α-в) 2¢σѕα¢σѕв=¢σѕ(α+в)+¢σѕ(α-в) 2ѕιηαѕιηв=¢σѕ(α-в)-¢σѕ(α+в) ѕιη(α+в)=ѕιηα ¢σѕв+ ¢σѕα ѕιηв. » ¢σѕ(α+в)=¢σѕα ¢σѕв - ѕιηα ѕιηв. » ѕιη(α-в)=ѕιηα¢σѕв-¢σѕαѕιηв. » ¢σѕ(α-